References
Below is a list of material cited throughout this website.
Bashaw, M. J., Tarou, L. R., Maki, T. S., Maple, T. L. 2001. A survey assessment of variables related to stereotypy in captive giraffe and okapi. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 73: 235-247.
Bergeron, R., Badnell-Waters, A.J., Lambton, S., Mason, G. 2006. Stereotypic Oral Behaviour in Captive Ungulates: Foraging, Diet and Gastrointestinal Function. In: Mason, G., Rushen, J. (eds.) Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Application. Second Edition. pp. 19-57.
Bristol Zoo Gardens 2013. Okapi. http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/okapi-0 (accessed 18/11/13)
Burne, R. H. 1917. Notes on some of the Viscera of an Okapi (Okapi johnstoni Sclater). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 87: 187-208.
Cerling, T.E., Hart, J.A., Hart, T.B. 2004. Stable isotope ecology in the Ituri forest. Oecologia, 138: 5–12.
Cheeke, P.R., Dierenfeld, E.S. 2010a. Comparative animal nutrition and metabolism. CABI. Oxfordshire.
Cheeke, P.R., Dierenfeld, E.S. 2010b. Lipid Digestion. Comparative animal nutrition and metabolism. CABI. Oxfordshire. pp. 130.
Cheeke, P.R., Dierenfeld, E.S. 2010c. Protein Digestion. Comparative animal nutrition and metabolism. CABI. Oxfordshire. pp. 58.
Clauss, M., Hatt, J.M. 2006. Browse silage in zoo animal nutrition – feeding enrichment of browsers during winter. In: Fidgett, A., Clauss, M., Eulenberger, K., Hatt, J.M., Hume, I., Janssens, G., Nijboer, J. (eds). Zoo Animal Nutrition, Vol. III. Filander Verlang. Fürth. pp. 201-204.
Clauss, M., Hofmann, R.R., Streich, W.J., Fickel, J., Hummel, J. 2010a. Convergence in the macroscopic anatomy of the reticulum in wild ruminant species of different feeding types and a new resulting hypothesis on reticular function. Journal of Zoology, 281: 26-38.
Clauss, M., Hume, I.D., Hummel, J. 2010b. Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems. Animal, 4: 979-992.
Clauss, M., Hummel, J., Völlm, J., Lorenz, A., Hofmann, R. R. 2006. The allocation of a ruminant feeding type to the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) on the basis of morphological parameters. In: Fidgett, A; Clauss, M., Eulenberger, K., Hatt, J. M., Hume, I., Janssens, G., Nijboer, J. (eds): Zoo Animal Nutrition Vol. III. Filander Verlang. Fürth. pp. 253-270.
Clauss, M., Kiefer, B. 2003. Digestive acidosis in captive wild herbivores - implications for hoof health. Verhandlungsbericht Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 41: 57-70.
Clauss, M., Kienzle, E., Hatt, J.M. 2003. Feeding practise in captive wild ruminants: peculiarities in the nutrition of browsers/concentrate selectors and intermediate feeders. A review. In: Fidgett, A., Clauss, M., Ganslosser, U., Hatt, J.M., Nijboer, J. (eds) Zoo Animal Nutrition, Vol. II. Filander Verlang. Fürth. pp. 27-52.
Crissey, S., Dierenfeld, E.S., Kanselaar, J., Leus, K., Nijboer, J. 2001. Okapi (Okapi johnstoni) SSP Feeding Guidelines. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. http://www.nagonline.net/HUSBANDRY/Diets%20pdf/Okapi%20Feeding%20SSP.pdf (accessed 24/10/13)
DeRosa, T., Lyon, F., Petric, A. 2004. Enclosure. The Okapi Management Website. http://theokapi.org/Husbandry/enclosure.aspx#Inside (accessed 24/03/214)
Dupchak, K. 2014. Non-Fibre Carbohydrates in Dairy Diets. http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/livestock/production/dairy/non-fibre-carbohydrates-in-dairy-diets.html (accessed 16/03/14)
Foley, W.J., McLean, S., Cork, S.J. 1995. Consequences of biotransformation of plant secondary metabolites on acid-base metabolism in mammals: A final common pathway. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21:721-743.
Ginnett T.F., Demment, M.W. 1997. Sex differences in giraffe foraging behavior at two spatial scales. Oecologica, 110: 291-300.
Hart, J. A. 2013. Subfamily Okapinae Okapi. In Kingdon, J., Hoffmann, M. (eds.): Mammals of Africa, Volume 6: Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids. Bloomsbury Publishing. London. pp. 10-15.
Hosey, G., Melfi, V., Pankhurst, S. 2013. Feeding and nutrition. Zoo animals: behaviour, management and welfare. Oxford University Press. Oxford. pp. 418-460.
Huisman, T., Azulai, D., Engelhart, K., Buijsert, A., Nijboer, J. 2008. Current feeding practises for captive okapi; how are guidelines used? EAZA Zoo Nutrition, 4: 26-27.
Hummel, J., Clauss, M. 2006. Feeding. EAZA Husbandry and Management Guidelines for Giraffa camelopardalis. Burgers' Zoo, Arnhem. pp. 29-61.
Hummel, J., Clauss, M., Zimmermann, W., Johanson, K., Nørgaard, Pfeffer, E. 2005a. Fluid and particle retention in captive okapi (Okapia johnstoni) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 140: 436-444.
Hummel, J., Johansen, K., Clauss, M., Zimmermann, W., Nbrgaard, C. 2005b. Developing adequate diets for browsing ruminants: Investigations on the okapi (Okapia johnstoni). Fourth European Nutrition Meeting, 20th January - 23rd January 2005.
Hummel, J., Pfeffer, E., Nᴓrgaard, C., Johanson, K., Clauss, M., Nogge, G. 2006c. Energy Supply of the Okapi in Captivity: Intake and Digestion Trials. Zoo Biology, 25: 303-316.
Hummel, J., Südekum, K.H., Streichs, W.J., Clauss, M. 2006a. Forage fermentation patterns and their implications for herbivore ingesta retention times. Functional Ecology, 20: 989-1002.
Hummel, J., Zimmermann,W., Langenhorst, T., Schleussner, G., Damen, M., Clauss, M. 2006b. Giraffe husbandry and feeding practices in Europe – results of an EEP survey. In: Proceedings of the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians 6, pp. 71–74.#
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Okapia johnstoni. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15188/0 (accessed 18/10/13)
Kleen, J.L., Hooijer, G.A., Rehage, J., Noordhuizen, J.P. 2003. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA): a review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A. Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine, 50: 406-414.
Klieber, M. 1947. Body size and metabolic rate. Physiological Reviews, 27: 511-541.
Nijboer, J., Clauss, M., Nobel, J. 2006. Browse silage: the future for browsers in wintertime?. In: Fidgett, A., Clauss, M., Eulenberger, K., Hatt, J.M., Hume, I., Janssens, G., Nijboer, J. (eds). Zoo Animal Nutrition, Vol. III. Filander Verlang. Fürth. pp. 205-209.
Pellew, R.A. 1984. The feeding ecology of a selective browser, the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi). Journal of Zoology, 202: 57-81.
Stichler, C., Bade, D. 1997. Managing for high quality hay. The Texas A&M University System. pp. 1-7.
UNL Beef 2013. Understanding Feed Analysis. http://beef.unl.edu/learning/feedanalysis.shtml (accessed 16/03/14)
Vercammen, F., de Deken, R., Brandt, J. 2003. Dietary sugar in okapis. Zoo Nutrition News, EAZA, 3: 8-9.
Wylie, C., Collins, S.N., Verheyen, K.L.P., Newton, R. 2013. Risk factors for equine laminitis: A case-control study conducted in veterinary-registered horses and ponies in Great Britain between 2009 and 2011. The Veterinary Journal, 198: 57-69.
Zenker, W., Clauss, M., Huber, J., Altenbrunner-Martinek, B. 2009. Rumen pH and hoof health in two groups of captive wild ruminants. In: Clauss, M., Fidgett, A., Hatt, J.M., Huisman, T., Hummel, J., Janssen, G., Nijboer, J., Plowman, A. (eds.) Zoo Animal Nutrition, Vol. IV. Furth. pp. 247-254.
ZSL- Zoological Society of London 2013a. Developing an Okapi Conservation Strategy. http://static.zsl.org/files/web-version-okapi-concept-note-for-workshopv4-2517.pdf (accessed 18/10/13)
ZSL- Zoological Society of London 2013b.Conserving okapi in DRC. http://www.zsl.org/conservation/regions/africa/okapi/ (accessed 18/10/13)
Bergeron, R., Badnell-Waters, A.J., Lambton, S., Mason, G. 2006. Stereotypic Oral Behaviour in Captive Ungulates: Foraging, Diet and Gastrointestinal Function. In: Mason, G., Rushen, J. (eds.) Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Application. Second Edition. pp. 19-57.
Bristol Zoo Gardens 2013. Okapi. http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/okapi-0 (accessed 18/11/13)
Burne, R. H. 1917. Notes on some of the Viscera of an Okapi (Okapi johnstoni Sclater). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 87: 187-208.
Cerling, T.E., Hart, J.A., Hart, T.B. 2004. Stable isotope ecology in the Ituri forest. Oecologia, 138: 5–12.
Cheeke, P.R., Dierenfeld, E.S. 2010a. Comparative animal nutrition and metabolism. CABI. Oxfordshire.
Cheeke, P.R., Dierenfeld, E.S. 2010b. Lipid Digestion. Comparative animal nutrition and metabolism. CABI. Oxfordshire. pp. 130.
Cheeke, P.R., Dierenfeld, E.S. 2010c. Protein Digestion. Comparative animal nutrition and metabolism. CABI. Oxfordshire. pp. 58.
Clauss, M., Hatt, J.M. 2006. Browse silage in zoo animal nutrition – feeding enrichment of browsers during winter. In: Fidgett, A., Clauss, M., Eulenberger, K., Hatt, J.M., Hume, I., Janssens, G., Nijboer, J. (eds). Zoo Animal Nutrition, Vol. III. Filander Verlang. Fürth. pp. 201-204.
Clauss, M., Hofmann, R.R., Streich, W.J., Fickel, J., Hummel, J. 2010a. Convergence in the macroscopic anatomy of the reticulum in wild ruminant species of different feeding types and a new resulting hypothesis on reticular function. Journal of Zoology, 281: 26-38.
Clauss, M., Hume, I.D., Hummel, J. 2010b. Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems. Animal, 4: 979-992.
Clauss, M., Hummel, J., Völlm, J., Lorenz, A., Hofmann, R. R. 2006. The allocation of a ruminant feeding type to the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) on the basis of morphological parameters. In: Fidgett, A; Clauss, M., Eulenberger, K., Hatt, J. M., Hume, I., Janssens, G., Nijboer, J. (eds): Zoo Animal Nutrition Vol. III. Filander Verlang. Fürth. pp. 253-270.
Clauss, M., Kiefer, B. 2003. Digestive acidosis in captive wild herbivores - implications for hoof health. Verhandlungsbericht Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 41: 57-70.
Clauss, M., Kienzle, E., Hatt, J.M. 2003. Feeding practise in captive wild ruminants: peculiarities in the nutrition of browsers/concentrate selectors and intermediate feeders. A review. In: Fidgett, A., Clauss, M., Ganslosser, U., Hatt, J.M., Nijboer, J. (eds) Zoo Animal Nutrition, Vol. II. Filander Verlang. Fürth. pp. 27-52.
Crissey, S., Dierenfeld, E.S., Kanselaar, J., Leus, K., Nijboer, J. 2001. Okapi (Okapi johnstoni) SSP Feeding Guidelines. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. http://www.nagonline.net/HUSBANDRY/Diets%20pdf/Okapi%20Feeding%20SSP.pdf (accessed 24/10/13)
DeRosa, T., Lyon, F., Petric, A. 2004. Enclosure. The Okapi Management Website. http://theokapi.org/Husbandry/enclosure.aspx#Inside (accessed 24/03/214)
Dupchak, K. 2014. Non-Fibre Carbohydrates in Dairy Diets. http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/livestock/production/dairy/non-fibre-carbohydrates-in-dairy-diets.html (accessed 16/03/14)
Foley, W.J., McLean, S., Cork, S.J. 1995. Consequences of biotransformation of plant secondary metabolites on acid-base metabolism in mammals: A final common pathway. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21:721-743.
Ginnett T.F., Demment, M.W. 1997. Sex differences in giraffe foraging behavior at two spatial scales. Oecologica, 110: 291-300.
Hart, J. A. 2013. Subfamily Okapinae Okapi. In Kingdon, J., Hoffmann, M. (eds.): Mammals of Africa, Volume 6: Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids. Bloomsbury Publishing. London. pp. 10-15.
Hosey, G., Melfi, V., Pankhurst, S. 2013. Feeding and nutrition. Zoo animals: behaviour, management and welfare. Oxford University Press. Oxford. pp. 418-460.
Huisman, T., Azulai, D., Engelhart, K., Buijsert, A., Nijboer, J. 2008. Current feeding practises for captive okapi; how are guidelines used? EAZA Zoo Nutrition, 4: 26-27.
Hummel, J., Clauss, M. 2006. Feeding. EAZA Husbandry and Management Guidelines for Giraffa camelopardalis. Burgers' Zoo, Arnhem. pp. 29-61.
Hummel, J., Clauss, M., Zimmermann, W., Johanson, K., Nørgaard, Pfeffer, E. 2005a. Fluid and particle retention in captive okapi (Okapia johnstoni) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 140: 436-444.
Hummel, J., Johansen, K., Clauss, M., Zimmermann, W., Nbrgaard, C. 2005b. Developing adequate diets for browsing ruminants: Investigations on the okapi (Okapia johnstoni). Fourth European Nutrition Meeting, 20th January - 23rd January 2005.
Hummel, J., Pfeffer, E., Nᴓrgaard, C., Johanson, K., Clauss, M., Nogge, G. 2006c. Energy Supply of the Okapi in Captivity: Intake and Digestion Trials. Zoo Biology, 25: 303-316.
Hummel, J., Südekum, K.H., Streichs, W.J., Clauss, M. 2006a. Forage fermentation patterns and their implications for herbivore ingesta retention times. Functional Ecology, 20: 989-1002.
Hummel, J., Zimmermann,W., Langenhorst, T., Schleussner, G., Damen, M., Clauss, M. 2006b. Giraffe husbandry and feeding practices in Europe – results of an EEP survey. In: Proceedings of the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians 6, pp. 71–74.#
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Okapia johnstoni. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15188/0 (accessed 18/10/13)
Kleen, J.L., Hooijer, G.A., Rehage, J., Noordhuizen, J.P. 2003. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA): a review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A. Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine, 50: 406-414.
Klieber, M. 1947. Body size and metabolic rate. Physiological Reviews, 27: 511-541.
Nijboer, J., Clauss, M., Nobel, J. 2006. Browse silage: the future for browsers in wintertime?. In: Fidgett, A., Clauss, M., Eulenberger, K., Hatt, J.M., Hume, I., Janssens, G., Nijboer, J. (eds). Zoo Animal Nutrition, Vol. III. Filander Verlang. Fürth. pp. 205-209.
Pellew, R.A. 1984. The feeding ecology of a selective browser, the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi). Journal of Zoology, 202: 57-81.
Stichler, C., Bade, D. 1997. Managing for high quality hay. The Texas A&M University System. pp. 1-7.
UNL Beef 2013. Understanding Feed Analysis. http://beef.unl.edu/learning/feedanalysis.shtml (accessed 16/03/14)
Vercammen, F., de Deken, R., Brandt, J. 2003. Dietary sugar in okapis. Zoo Nutrition News, EAZA, 3: 8-9.
Wylie, C., Collins, S.N., Verheyen, K.L.P., Newton, R. 2013. Risk factors for equine laminitis: A case-control study conducted in veterinary-registered horses and ponies in Great Britain between 2009 and 2011. The Veterinary Journal, 198: 57-69.
Zenker, W., Clauss, M., Huber, J., Altenbrunner-Martinek, B. 2009. Rumen pH and hoof health in two groups of captive wild ruminants. In: Clauss, M., Fidgett, A., Hatt, J.M., Huisman, T., Hummel, J., Janssen, G., Nijboer, J., Plowman, A. (eds.) Zoo Animal Nutrition, Vol. IV. Furth. pp. 247-254.
ZSL- Zoological Society of London 2013a. Developing an Okapi Conservation Strategy. http://static.zsl.org/files/web-version-okapi-concept-note-for-workshopv4-2517.pdf (accessed 18/10/13)
ZSL- Zoological Society of London 2013b.Conserving okapi in DRC. http://www.zsl.org/conservation/regions/africa/okapi/ (accessed 18/10/13)